In a Tortoiseshell: In the introduction to his junior paper in mathematics, Dylan Galt presents the motivating questions underlying his exposition of Stiefel-Whitney classes and cobordism, preparing the reader to appreciate the significance of the rich mathematics which will follow.
Excerpt / Dylan Galt
Author Commentary / Dylan Galt
My work on this junior paper began almost a year before I actually sat down to write it. In the summer before my junior year, I attended a conference at Princeton on symplectic geometry and low-dimensional topology, where I met Professor Szabó and developed an interest in his work. When my junior year began, I was unsure whether my time would be better spent pursuing research or building my foundations and initially I approached Szabó with an interest in working on an open problem that had been introduced at the conference. We resolved to meet weekly and over the course of the first half of the fall semester, we gradually settled towards building my foundations. This was a challenging period for me, as I suspect it is for many students eager for research results; it took me a while to realize the importance of progressing methodically. To this end, Szabó impressed upon me the value of learning theory well, not just of gaining exposure to it. Although I did not learn much mathematics in these first weeks, I learned quite a lot about what I did not know. I also got to know Professor Szabó and our acquaintance made it much easier for him to suggest reading that was appropriate for me.
Ultimately, we decided to work through Milnor and Stasheff’s Characteristic Classes. I am now of the opinion that focusing oneself on a classic text and truly absorbing it is one of the best things one can do to gain mathematical maturity. The text presents various different characteristic classes, distinguished cohomology classes that detect the complexity of vector bundles, help to characterize unoriented cobordism, and give dimensional bounds for embeddings of real projective space into Euclidean space. When it came time to narrow the scope of what I had read to what would be appropriate for a junior paper, Szabó recommended that I select several chapters from Milnor and Stasheff, for which I would aim to summarize the material and do some computations of my own. To ensure that this presentation was coherent, I decided to focus on applications of Stiefel-Whitney classes to unoriented cobordism, computing the unoriented cobordism groups in three and four dimensions, and presenting theorems from a few additional resources to bolster the account. The bulk of the writing was a presentation of those theorems that would make possible the computations I wanted to give at the end, so that the paper would culminate in a series of concrete results.
Several choices were made in the course of writing my exposition, with the intent of pitching it towards the relatively uninitiated reader. Szabó had given me the excellent advice of writing the account that I thought would have been most useful and readable to the student I was nine months before, when the project had begun. With this in mind, I decided to devote the exposition to two things: first, motivating the construction of characteristic classes, and then, explaining the ultimate goal of the paper, namely the cobordism computations that were to cap it off. When I first approached Milnor and Stasheff, I was constantly asking myself why certain choices were made, why the theory had developed the way it did, and why one might have chosen to construct characteristic classes the way in which they were constructed. I focused the motivating component of my exposition on trying to explain these questions. In a similar spirit to Szabó’s suggestion, I believe there is little else more frustrating in mathematics than an entirely unmotivated definition, and it was as such my express intent to give useful and hopefully insightful context. I also believe that sometimes the best moments in the study of mathematics are when, in the course of a lecture, the lecturer steps away from the blackboard, reverently, and explains that they will now discuss a bit of philosophy. After all, it is often in these moments that one might say the true meaning of a certain bit of mathematics becomes apparent. It is also for this reason that I felt a slightly longer, less rigorous, but more philosophical introduction was warranted.
Perhaps inevitably, one wonders what the content added is in an expository paper. Why should I write this if most of what I am doing is regurgitating definitions and re-proving theorems? There are two optimistic ways that I see to answer this question. The first is to consider the value of exposition to your own development: writing out proofs in your own words is a wonderfully effective means of remembering them. The second lies in those moments of exposition when you get a chance to present an insight. This is where you add unique value to a collection of technical material that could otherwise be found elsewhere. Just as solutions to large problems can sometimes be prompted by initially small revelations, so it is that a small reformulation, rewording, improved presentation, hint at larger context, or insight into meaning can make the difference in a reader’s understanding. It is ultimately for this reason that I think the exposition is of particular importance in a mathematics paper.
Editor Commentary / Isabella Khan
Writing an introduction is tricky, especially for a longer work, which necessarily has a greater number of moving parts. In fact, this task is no less difficult when the paper is expository rather than research-based, as is often the case in undergraduate writings in mathematics. What are the goals of the introduction to an expository paper? More broadly, what is the aim of the expository paper itself? Dylan answers this latter question in his commentary, above: while an expository paper contains no new mathematics, he says, it can still present new analogies, which can then be used to create new mathematics in a different context. It is, therefore, the rearrangement of ideas according to the author’s priorities, that is of value.
The introduction is the author’s single greatest opportunity to present these priorities to the reader, and the excerpt of Dylan’s junior paper printed above presents an excellent example of how this can be done. In this first section, Dylan introduces two key classes of objects, namely vector bundles and characteristic classes, framing his discussion in terms of the motivating questions which guide his entire exposition. By structuring his introduction in this way, he not only provides the reader with a roadmap to his paper, but also clarifies what new information he has added.
As Dylan points out in his commentary, while the motivating questions behind his exposition are clearly presented in the introduction, they were not as clear during the process of research and writing. Indeed, it is often only late in the process that we are able to fully understand the priorities underlying our exposition. The trick of writing a compelling introduction is to uncover these priorities, and shift from whatever ordering of ideas arose naturally during the research process to an ordering that reflects the author’s final conception of the piece as a whole. Dylan’s introduction is remarkable in that is able to condense a long and circuitous research process into a succinct passage in which he orients the author to the priorities of his subject matter while also giving a taste of the pay-off he will discuss at the very end. Not only does he prepare his reader to appreciate the rich mathematics that will follow: from the very beginning of his paper, Dylan gives the reader the flavor of the subject, presenting his own perspective on the material and giving an insights into an already beautiful subject.
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